Which route of administration does "top" refer to?

The term "top" refers to the topical route of administration. In this route, medications are applied directly onto the skin or mucous membranes. Topical administration is specifically designed for local effects, targeting areas like the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, and minimizes systemic absorption.

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, and patches, which are formulated to deliver medication effectively to the desired area. This route is commonly used for conditions such as skin irritations, infections, or localized inflammation, making it distinct from other routes of administration that target deeper physiological systems or systemic effects.

In contrast, transdermal refers to patches designed for systemic delivery through the skin, inhaled pertains to medications delivered through the respiratory tract, and rectally involves administration through the rectum for systemic or local effects. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for proper medication administration and achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes.